Hormonal Profile in Response to an Empathic Induction Task in Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Oxytocin/Testosterone Ratio and Social Cognition.

Empathy deficits have been proposed to be an important factor for intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV perpetrators have shown a differential change in salivary oxytocin (sOXT), testosterone (sT), and cortisol (sC), following empathic and stress tasks, compared to non-violent men. However, the influence of empathic deficits in those hormones after an emotion-induction task in IPV perpetrators remains unclear. We analyzed the effects of an empathic induction task on endogenous sOXT, sT and sC levels, as well as their hormonal ratios, in IPV perpetrators (n = 12), and compared them to controls (n = 12). Additionally, we explored the predictive capacity of empathy-related functions (measured with the interpersonal reactivity index) in the hormonal responses to the task. IPV perpetrators presented lower sOXT changes and higher total sT levels than controls after the task, lower sOXT/T change and total sOXT/T levels, as well as higher total sT/C levels. Notably, for all participants, the lower the perspective taking score, the lower the total sOXT levels and sOXT changes and the higher the sT changes were. Low perspective taking also predicted smaller sOXT/T and sOXT/C changes in the empathic induction task, and higher total sT/C levels for all participants. Therefore, our results could contribute to furthering our ability to focus on new therapeutic targets, increasing the effectiveness of intervention programs and helping to reduce IPV recidivism in the medium term.

A actividad física representada en los libros de texto de Educación Física en Educación Primaria / A atividade física representada nos livros didáticos da Educação Física na educação primária / Physical activity represented in Physical Education textbooks for Elementary Education

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la representación de la actividad física que aparece en los libros de texto de Educación Física y su relación con los diferentes bloques de contenidos del área, en Educación Primaria. La muestra estuvo formada por un total de 3.836 imágenes publicadas en 34 libros de texto pertenecientes a seis editoriales españolas, entre 2006 y 2013. La técnica de investigación fue el análisis de contenido mediante la herramienta SAIMEF. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SPSS 22.0. Los resultados muestran un claro predominio del bloque de contenidos de los "juegos y actividades deportivas". Este desequilibrio en la representación de los bloques no responde a las enseñanzas mínimas que marca el Real Decreto 1513/2006 en el currículo de Primaria en el ámbito español, por lo que se hace necesaria una reflexión sobre la visión tradicional de la actividad física en este material curricular

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a representação da atividade física que aparece nos livros didáticos de Educação Física e sua relação com os diferentes blocos de conteúdos da área, no Ensino Fundamental. A amostra foi composta por um total de 3836 imagens publicadas em 34 livros didáticos pertencentes a seis editoras espanholas, entre 2006 e 2013. A técnica de pesquisa foi a análise de conteúdo utilizando a ferramenta SAIMEF. O software SPSS 22.0 foi utilizado para a análise estatística. Os resultados mostram uma clara predominância do bloco de conteúdo dos "jogos e atividades esportivas". Esse desequilíbrio na representação dos blocos não responde aos ensinamentos mínimos que o Real Decreto 1513/2006 estabelece no currículo primário no contexto espanhol, motivo pelo qual é necessário refletir sobre a visão tradicional da atividade física nesse material curricular

This study looks into the representation of physical activity in Physical Education textbooks for Elementary Education and its relationship with the various content blocks in the area. The sample consisted of 3,836 images published in 34 textbooks by six Spanish publishers between 2006 and 2013. The research technique was content analysis using the SAIMEF tool. The SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The results show a clear predominance of the content block 'games and sports'. This imbalance in representation of the blocks does not respond to the minimum teachings established by Royal Decree 1513/2006 in the Elementary Education curriculum for the Spanish context. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect on the traditional vision of physical activity in this curricular material

Hormonal Alterations in Victimized Women Explained by Their Hostile Reactions in Coping with Couple Violence.

Recent studies have highlighted the dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and its end products, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), in women with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. These studies analyzed several coping styles, but they neglected to examine the use of violent strategies to confront IPV and the way these strategies affect HPA functioning. This latter proposal would be based on the gender symmetry model of IPV, which sustains that IPV is generally symmetrical, but that women's violence tends to be a reaction to male violence. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to examine whether women's violent reactions to IPV would significantly predict salivary cortisol and DHEA levels, as well as the cortisol/DHEA ratio (assessed through two saliva samples per day on four consecutive work days), controlling for the women's prior IPV abuse, psychopathology, and demographic variables. Our data demonstrated that, specifically, psychological confrontation strategies predicted vespertine cortisol levels (adj R2 = .18, ß = .447, p < .01) and the cortisol/DHEA ratio (adj R2 = .08, ß = .322, p < .05), even after controlling several confounding variables, whereas physical and total confrontation in response to IPV did not predict these hormonal parameters.

Development of a Taekwondo Combat Model Based on Markov Analysis.

The purpose of the present study was to examine male and female Olympic taekwondo competitors' movement patterns according to their tactical actions by applying a Markov processes analysis. To perform this study, 11,474 actions by male competitors and 12,980 actions by female competitors were compiled and analyzed. The results yielded 32 significant sequences among male competitors and 30 among female competitors. Male competitors demonstrated 11 sequences initiated by an attack, 11 initiated by a counterattack, and 10 initiated by a defensive action. Female competitors demonstrated nine sequences initiated by an attack, 11 initiated by a counterattack, and 10 initiated by a defensive move. The five most popular sequences were the opening and dodge, the direct attack and simultaneous counterattack, the dodge with a direct attack, the indirect attack and simultaneous counterattack, and the simultaneous counterattack with a direct attack. Markov chains help provide coaches and researchers with relevant information about the frequency of actions, both in terms of their frequency of occurrence and the order of their occurrence, during a real competition. It is suggested that coaches and athletes focus on these patterns when training for a real competition.

Is It Possible to Predict an Athlete's Behavior? The Use of Polar Coordinates to Identify Key Patterns in Taekwondo.

Match analysts and sport psychologists can help elite athletes develop planned competition strategies from a technical-tactical perspective by analyzing of previous performances. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavioral patterns used to score points in the 2012 London Olympic Games by a mixed observational methodology and polar coordinate analysis. This analysis is a representation of four quadrants of the relationships between focal behavior [i.e., scoring, (SC)] and conditioned behaviors as key factors in taekwondo before and after focal behavior of two lags (-2, +2). A total of 151 combats, with a total of 24,940 actions were analyzed by the Taekwondo Observational Tool, which consists of 24 categories grouped into seven criteria (tactics, techniques, kicking zone, laterality, kicking leg, guard, and score). Our analysis confirms 49 significant associations (21 in females and 28 in males) between different types of scoring actions (SC1: to the trunk, SC2: to the trunk with a previous spin, SC3: to the head and SC4: to the head with a previous spin) and a variety of technical-tactical aspects. Females SC1 after cut, direct attacks with circular techniques to the chest, with back right leg; SC2 after direct attacks to the head, and SC3 after cuts, posterior counterattacks with the back leg. Males SC1 after spin anticipate counterattack with back leg and dodges, SC2 after simultaneous counterattacks (SCAs) to the head, SC3 after cuts and posterior counterattacks with back leg while SC4 after blocks and SCAs in close guard with the forward right leg. The observed relationships provide objective data regarding successful behavioral patterns, and are important for coaches and psychologists to train and develop psychological strategies to prepare athletes. For instance, they can be used to individualize training sessions, including visualization of specific combat situations. Coaches and psychologists could use these findings for specific tasks related to technical-tactical improvement of scoring effectiveness or defensive strategies against these specific actions.

Technical-Tactical Actions Used to Score in Taekwondo: An Analysis of Two Medalists in Two Olympic Championships.

Research in taekwondo has traditionally focused on specific aspects athletes' overall technical and tactical skills, while ignoring other important issues such as identifying how successful athletes score points. The aim of the current study was to follow two medalists through two Olympic Championships (2012 and 2016) to discover the effective patterns associated with scoring in taekwondo using an observational methodology. An ad-hoc taekwondo observational tool was used to codify the actions performed by the athletes. An observational descriptive and multivariate analysis of 1,688 actions performed by the athletes was conducted. A lag sequential and polar coordinate analysis was performed that considered tactics, techniques and the kicking zone as factors related to score (one to four points). The results showed that one point was scored with direct attacks (DIAs) and actions to the chest where DIAs also occurred prior to scoring. After scoring one-point, opponents tended to gain points by kicking the opponent's head. Two points were scored with simultaneous spinning kicks. Cuts occurred prior to and after scoring while posterior counterattacks (PCAs) occurred after. Three points were scored by performing indirect attacks and PCAs to the head. Cuts, dodges, and linear actions preceded the three-point score while dodges, DIAs, and linear actions to the chest also occurred after the three point-actions. In conclusion, these two athletes not only mastered the whole tactics but also used specific strategies to score. That is, they anticipated the opponent's attack to score one point by kicking the opponent directly and performed spinning kicks from short distances when they perceived an opponent's cutting action to score two points. Finally, these athletes indirectly attacked the opponent when they dodged by kicking their head and counterattacked posteriorly when an opponent's cut was perceived to score three points. Thus, they used the most difficult tactics to achieve the highest score. It is suggested that coaches and psychologists train athletes in better decision-making by preparing them to not only prepare their own attacks but to systematically use the intended attacks by their opponents to score their own points in accordance with the successful patterns extracted in this study.

Hormonal alterations in victimized women explained by their hostile reactions in coping with couple violence

Recent studies have highlighted the dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and its end products, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), in women with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. These studies analyzed several coping styles, but they neglected to examine the use of violent strategies to confront IPV and the way these strategies affect HPA functioning. This latter proposal would be based on the gender symmetry model of IPV, which sustains that IPV is generally symmetrical, but that women's violence tends to be a reaction to male violence. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to examine whether women's violent reactions to IPV would significantly predict salivary cortisol and DHEA levels, as well as the cortisol/DHEA ratio (assessed through two saliva samples per day on four consecutive work days), controlling for the women's prior IPV abuse, psychopathology, and demographic variables. Our data demonstrated that, specifically, psychological confrontation strategies predicted vespertine cortisol levels (adj R2 = .18, β = .447, p < .01) and the cortisol/DHEA ratio (adj R2 = .08, β = .322, p < .05), even after controlling several confounding variables, whereas physical and total confrontation in response to IPV did not predict these hormonal parameters

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Pain Perception in Clarinetists with Playing-Related Pain After Implementing a Specific Exercise Program.

BACKGROUND: Wind musicians suffer injuries resulting from muscle overuse and poor postural habits, often due to the lack of required physical fitness. For this reason, it is important to study and analyze the characteristics of their activity in order to select appropriate preventive exercises. METHODS: 10 clarinetists, who were experiencing joint pain due to instrumental practice, followed a specific program of physical activity, 3 times a week for 2 months. To assess postural changes after its implementation, the Langlade test and muscle pain scale were used at the beginning and the end of the program. RESULTS: The results show a significant decrease in perceived pain (p<0.001) and changes in the dorsal spine (p=0.001). Given the relationship between the improvement in the Langlade item, which refers to the correct position of the shoulder blades, and muscle pain, with a correlation level of 0.582, it can be said that a change in the shoulder girdle position leads to a decrease of pain in that area. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study of 10 clarinetists, a regular program of physical activity for 9 weeks led to an observable change in posture and a reduction in pain using self-report measures.

Perspectiva global de las imágenes publicadas en manuales de Educación Física / Perspectiva global das imagens publicadas em manuais de Educação Física / Global perspective of images published in Physical Education textbooks

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar el tratamiento dado a las imágenes relativas al cuerpo y a la actividad física presentes en los libros de texto de Educación Física en la etapa de Educación Primaria. La muestra está constituida por 997 imágenes de nueve libros de texto publicados por cinco editoras. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables sexo, edad, raza y somatotipo referentes al cuerpo, y las variables tipo, ámbito, espacio y nivel de práctica referentes a la actividad física. Los resultados muestran que se mantienen los estereotipos relativos al cuerpo y actividad física, enfatizando el cuerpo masculino, de raza blanca, con un cuerpo delgado y cuya edad es la infancia, practicando deportes y habilidades motrices. Sin embargo, el ámbito y nivel de práctica de actividad física elitista han desaparecido de los manuales, mostrando un primer paso hacia la diversificación de actividades físicas en la escuela. (AU)

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo determinar o tratamento dado às imagens relativas ao corpo e à atividade física presentes nos livros de texto de Educação Física na etapa de Ensino Fundamental. A mostra está constituída por 997 imagens de nove livros de texto publicados por cinco editoras. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva das variáveis sexo, idade, raça e somatotipo que fazem referência ao corpo, e o variáveis tipo, âmbito, espaço e nível de prática referentes à atividade física. Os resultados mostram que se mantêm os estereótipos relativos ao corpo e à atividade física, enfatizando o corpo masculino, de raça branca, com um corpo delgado e cuja idade é a infância, praticando desportos e habilidades motrizes. No entanto, o âmbito e nível de prática de atividade física elitista desapareceu dos manuais, mostrando um primeiro passo para a diversificação de atividades físicas na escola. (AU)

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to determine the treatment given to the pictures of the body and physical activity in Physical Education's textbooks for Primary School. The sample consists of 997 images of nine textbooks published by five publishers. A descriptive analysis was performed on the variables gender, age, race, and somatotype that refer to the body, and type, scope, space, and level of practice referred to physical activity. Results show that stereotypes still remain regarding the body and physical activity, emphasizing the male, white, thin and youth body that practices sports and motor skills. However, the scope and level of elitist physical activity disappeared from manuals, which is a first step in diversifying school physical activities. (AU)

Child abuse in the context of intimate partner violence against women: the impact of women's depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms on maternal behavior.

Intimate male partner violence against women has been recognized as an important public health problem, with a high impact on women's mental health, including depressive and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, fathers who have been involved in intimate partner violence (IPV) have an increased probability of being violent toward their children. The aim of this study was to assess the relation between the mental health status of abused women, their partner's violence toward the children, and their maternal behavior.

Factors that contribute or impede the physical health recovery of women exposed to intimate partner violence: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Several cross-sectional studies have demonstrated the negative impact that intimate partner violence (IPV) has on the physical health of women. However, longitudinal studies are needed to establish the time course of this effect. This study assessed the physical health course of female IPV victims and established the factors that enhance or impede their recovery. METHODS: Women (n = 91) who participated in a previous cross-sectional study (T-1) and were either victims of physical/psychological IPV (n = 33) or psychological IPV (n = 23) were evaluated 3 years later (T-2). A control group of women (n = 35) was included for comparison. Structured interviews provided information regarding IPV characteristics, physical health, and lifestyle. FINDINGS: Physical symptoms decreased over time for both groups of abused women. Factors that contributed to this improvement were perception of social support and the cessation of physical IPV. Factors that impaired recovery included cohabitation with the aggressor, victimization experiences at T-2, negative perceptions of life events, and continuing psychological IPV. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that physical health improvement is possible in female victims of IPV, but that continuing psychological IPV hinders recovery. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the factors that best predict health recovery in female IPV victims to design effective intervention programs.

Recovery from depressive symptoms, state anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in women exposed to physical and psychological, but not to psychological intimate partner violence alone: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: It is well established that intimate male partner violence (IPV) has a high impact on women's mental health. It is necessary to further investigate this impact longitudinally to assess the factors that contribute to its recovery or deterioration. The objective of this study was to assess the course of depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and suicidal behavior over a three-year follow-up in female victims of IPV. METHODS: Women (n = 91) who participated in our previous cross-sectional study, and who had been either physically/psychologically (n = 33) or psychologically abused (n = 23) by their male partners, were evaluated three years later. A nonabused control group of women (n = 35) was included for comparison. Information about mental health status and lifestyle variables was obtained through face-to-face structured interviews. RESULTS: Results of the follow-up study indicated that while women exposed to physical/psychological IPV recovered their mental health status with a significant decrease in depressive, anxiety and PTSD symptoms, no recovery occurred in women exposed to psychological IPV alone. The evolution of IPV was also different: while it continued across both time points in 65.21% of psychologically abused women, it continued in only 12.12% of physically/psychologically abused women while it was reduced to psychological IPV in 51.5%. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that cessation of physical IPV and perceived social support contributed to mental health recovery, while a high perception of lifetime events predicted the continuation of PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the pattern of mental health recovery depends on the type of IPV that the women had been exposed to. While those experiencing physical/psychological IPV have a higher likelihood of undergoing a cessation or reduction of IPV over time and, therefore, could recover, women exposed to psychological IPV alone have a high probability of continued exposure to the same type of IPV with a low possibility of recovery. Thus, women exposed to psychological IPV alone need more help to escape from IPV and to recuperate their mental health. Longitudinal studies are needed to improve knowledge of factors promoting or impeding health recovery to guide the formulation of policy at individual, social and criminal justice levels.

Recovery of immune control over herpes simplex virus type 1 in female victims of intimate partner violence.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the course of immune control over Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) through three salivary measures: neutralization of HSV-1, levels of specific antibody against HSV-1 (HSV-1-sIgA) and total immunoglobulin A (total sIgA), and to determine the factors that contribute to its recovery or deterioration. Several studies have demonstrated that intimate partner violence (IPV) affects immune responses in women, but none have investigated the impact longitudinally over time. METHODS: Women (n = 60), who participated in our previous cross-sectional study (T-1) and who had been either physically/psychologically (n = 22) or psychologically abused (n = 14) by their partners, were evaluated 3 years later (T-2). A control group of women (n = 24) was included for comparison. Saliva samples were collected twice a day (8 AM-9 AM, and 8 PM-9 PM) on 2 days spaced 2 weeks apart. Information about psychological and lifestyle variables was obtained by structured interviews. RESULTS: Physically/psychologically abused women had a significant improvement in both the capacity to neutralize HSV-1 and HSV-sIgA levels, and at T-2 the capacity of their saliva to inhibit virus was no longer different from the other two groups. Regression analysis indicated that the cessation of physical IPV was the main predictor of this recovery. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that recovery of immune control over HSV-1 is possible in women who had been exposed to physical/psychological IPV despite an initially low antiviral capacity. Other longitudinal studies are needed to determine which factors best predict the restoration of physical and emotional well-being in order to design more effective intervention programs.

The impact of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate male partner violence on women's mental health: depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, state anxiety, and suicide.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the impact of lifetime physical, psychological, and sexual intimate male partner violence (IPV) on the mental health of women, after controlling for the contribution of lifetime victimization. The comorbidity of depressive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their relation to state anxiety and suicide were also assessed. METHODS: Physically/psychologically (n = 75) and psychologically abused women (n = 55) were compared with nonabused control women (n = 52). Information about sociodemographic characteristics, lifetime victimization, and mental health status (depressive and state anxiety symptoms, PTSD, and suicide) was obtained through face-to-face structured interviews. RESULTS: Women exposed to physical/psychological and psychological IPV had a higher incidence and severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms, PTSD, and thoughts of suicide than control women, with no differences between the two abused groups. The concomitance of sexual violence was associated with a higher severity of depressive symptoms in both abused groups and a higher incidence of suicide attempts in the physically/psychologically abused group. The incidence of PTSD alone was very rare, and depressive symptoms were either alone or comorbid with PTSD. The severity of state anxiety was higher in abused women with depressive symptoms or comorbidity, as was the incidence of suicidal thoughts in the physically/psychologically abused group. Lifetime victimization was not a predictor of the deterioration of mental health in this study. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that psychological IPV is as detrimental as physical IPV, with the exception of effects on suicidality, which emphasizes that psychological IPV should be considered a major type of violence by all professionals involved.

[Contact allergy to 3-dimethylaminopropylamine and cocamidopropyl betaine]. / Alergia de contacto a 3-dimetilaminopropilamina y cocamidopropil betaína.

It has been discovered that all individuals who are allergic to cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) are sensitized to 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) and to amidoamine, molecules which are intermediaries in CAPB synthesis, and which persist as impurities in the material that is sold; the amounts vary, depending on the quality of the CAPB in the end product. We present three cases of allergic contact dermatitis to DMAPA. In all three cases, the skin tests for DMAPA were positive, while there was no reaction to CAPB. The current relevance of these tests was confirmed by the patients' re-exposure to the suspect products themselves, which contained CAPB. Contact allergy to CAPB is now infrequent, partly because of the increasing use of new non-irritating surfactants that have been introduced on the market in the last decade. However, cases of patients allergic to commercial CAPB who only react to DMAPA -and not to CAPB- when they are patch tested are still being reported. DMAPA itself, and other molecules like amidoamine, would be the true allergens, and some cases of CAPB allergy are therefore being overlooked because DMAPA is not always included in the cosmetics series. CAPB may no longer be necessary in patch tests, as DMAPA seems to be the principal allergenic fraction in this surfactant, and also because manufacturers of skin allergens currently prepare CAPB extracts that are so pure that they are no longer a good screening tool for contact allergy to commercial CAPB.

Alergia de contacto a 3-dimetilaminopopilamina y cocamidopropil betaína / Contact allergy to 3-dimethylaminopropylamine and cocamidopropyl betaine

Se ha descubierto que todos los individuos con alergia a la cocamidopropil betaína (CAPB) se encuentran sensibilizados a la 3-dimetilaminopropilamina (DMAPA) y a la amidoamina, moléculas que son intermediarias en la síntesis de CAPB, y que persisten como impurezas en el material comercializado, en cantidades variables dependiendo de la calidad de la CAPB en el producto final. Se presentan 3 casos de dermatitis de contacto alérgica a DMAPA. En los tres las pruebas epicutáneas para DMAPA fueron positivas, mientras que no hubo reacción a la CAPB. La relevancia actual de estas pruebas fue confirmada por la reexposición de los pacientes a los productos propios sospechados, que contenían CAPB. La alergia de contacto a la CAPB es ahora poco frecuente, en parte por el creciente uso de nuevos agentes tensoactivos no irritantes introducidos en el mercado en la última década. Sin embargo, siguen dándose a conocer casos de pacientes alérgicos a la CAPB comercial que sólo reaccionan a la DMAPA ­y no a la CAPB­ cuando son parcheados. La propia DMAPA u otras moléculas como la amidoamina serían los alérgenos verdaderos y, por tanto, algunos casos de alergia a la CAPB se estarían pasando por alto debido a que la DMAPA no siempre está incluida en la serie de cosméticos. La CAPB podría no ser ya necesaria en las pruebas del parche, puesto que la DMAPA parece ser la principal fracción alergénica en este agente tensoactivo, y también porque los fabricantes de alérgenos epicutáneos elaboran unos extractos de CAPB tan puros que no son ya una buena herramienta de cribado de la alergia de contacto a la CAPB comercial

It has been discovered that all individuals who are allergic to cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) are sensitized to 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) and to amidoamine, molecules which are intermediaries in CAPB synthesis, and which persist as impurities in the material that is sold; the amounts vary, depending on the quality of the CAPB in the end product. We present three cases of allergic contact dermatitis to DMAPA. In all three cases, the skin tests for DMAPA were positive, while there was no reaction to CAPB. The current relevance of these tests was confirmed by the patients' re-exposure to the suspect products themselves, which contained CAPB. Contact allergy to CAPB is now infrequent, partly because of the increasing use of new non-irritating surfactants that have been introduced on the market in the last decade. However, cases of patients allergic to commercial CAPB who only react to DMAPA ­and not to CAPB­ when they are patch tested are still being reported. DMAPA itself, and other molecules like amidoamine, would be the true allergens, and some cases of CAPB allergy are therefore being overlooked because DMAPA is not always included in the cosmetics series. CAPB may no longer be necessary in patch tests, as DMAPA seems to be the principal allergenic fraction in this surfactant, and also because manufacturers of skin allergens currently prepare CAPB extracts that are so pure that they are no longer a good screening tool for contact allergy to commercial CAPB

Typology of human aggression and its biological control.

Human aggression is considered a global public health problem with a tremendous impact on the victims. Scientists studying this behaviour can contribute to reducing this worldwide problem by identifying its causes and designing preventive interventions and treatment. Those working on its biological bases need to establish which types of human aggression may be candidates for a biological intervention, which makes it necessary to develop a typology of this behaviour. Considering the primary goal that guides the perpetrator to behave aggressively, a distinction is made between impulsive and premeditated types. However, to control aggression, the distinction should be made between individuals instead of acts of aggression. Thus, research is being conducted to find biological markers that could identify those individuals who are at risk of behaving aggressively and in which way. The information obtained from biological studies should form a whole with that proceeding from other disciplines, such as psychology and sociology, in order to build a complete multidisciplinary picture of specific subtypes of offenders. Finally, this knowledge needs to be conveyed to policymakers, practitioners and the public in general so as to work together to develop effective strategies to address this human problem.

Assessing physical, sexual, and psychological violence perpetrated by intimate male partners toward women: a Spanish cross-sectional study.

There have been many studies on the impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) on women's health, there being agreement on its detrimental effect. Research has focused mainly on the impact of physical violence on health, with few studies assessing the effect of sexual and psychological violence. Furthermore, there are many differences in the way violence experienced by women is assessed. While some researchers use available instruments, others develop their own questionnaires. This article gives detailed information about physical, sexual, and psychological violence, lifetime history of women's victimization, and aspects of women's behavior and feelings obtained with the questionnaire used in a Spanish cross-sectional study. Our results corroborate that IPV is not homogeneous, it being necessary to ask women about each type of violence they have experienced. Furthermore, to accurately assess the impact of IPV on women's health, it is necessary to control for other variables that also have detrimental effects on health.

Nevus lipomatoso cutáneo superficial (Hoffman-Zurhelle) / Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis (Hoffman-Zurhelle)

El nevus lipomatoso cutáneo superficial, es una rara anormalidad idiopática, siendo una variante de nevus del tejido conectivo, que se caracteriza histológicamente por la presencia de tejido adiposo maduro ectópico en dermis. La variante más rara, de Hoffmann-Zurhelle o variante clásica, está constituida por lesiones nodulares o mamelonadas que se agrupan en placas de aspecto cerebriforme, con una disposición zonal o segmentaria. Suele ser congénito o aparecer en las tres primeras décadas de la vida, siendo la localización principal la cintura pelviana y los glúteos. Presentamos cinco nuevos casos con una clínica característica. El estudio histológico confirmó el diagnóstico clínico inicial, y ayudó a descartar otras patologías como la neurofibromatosis segmentaria. Se realiza también revisión de la literatura (AU)

Liquen amiloide con buena respuesta a corticoterapia tópica / No disponible

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